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*Mount & Blade: Warband - Viking Conquest Reforged Edition Ps4
*Mountfield
*Mount Saint Mary College
*Mount & Blade: Warband - Viking Conquest Reforged Edition Console Commands
*Mount & Blade: Warband - Viking Conquest Reforged Edition Mods
Viking Conquest Reforged Edition is a completely free update to all owners of Viking Conquest, which adds a host of new features & content as well as re-balancing and fixing previous issues with the DLC. Mount Snow is a mountain resort and ski area in southern Vermont located in the Green Mountains. It is Vermont’s closest big mountain to many Northeast met. Special Events are being planned for Independence Day at Mount Rushmore National Memorial in 2021. Senior Pass Information Fees for Senior Passes changed on August 28, 2017. Mount definition: 1. To gradually increase, rise, or get bigger: 2. To get on a horse, bicycle, etc.Name
mount - mount a filesystemSynopsis
mount [-lhV]
mount -a [-fFnrsvw] [-tvfstype] [-Ooptlist]
mount [-fnrsvw] [-ooption[,option]..] device|dir
mount [-fnrsvw] [-tvfstype] [-ooptions] device dirDescription
All files accessible in a Unix system are arranged in one big tree, the file hierarchy, rooted at /. These files can be spread out over severaldevices. The mount command serves to attach the filesystem found on some device to the big file tree. Conversely, the umount(8) command willdetach it again.
The standard form of the mount command, ismount -ttype device dirThis tells the kernel to attach the filesystem found on device (which is of type type) at the directory dir. The previous contents (ifany) and owner and mode of dir become invisible, and as long as this filesystem remains mounted, the pathname dir refers to the root of thefilesystem on device.
The listing and help.Three forms of invocation do not actually mount anything:mount -h
prints a help messagemount -V
prints a version stringmount [-l] [-ttype]
lists all mounted filesystems (of type type). The option -l adds the labels in this listing. See below.The device indication.Most devices are indicated by a file name (of a block special device), like /dev/sda1, but there are other possibilities. For example, in the case ofan NFS mount, device may look like knuth.cwi.nl:/dir. It is possible to indicate a block special device using its volume LABEL orUUID (see the -L and -U options below).
The recommended setup is to use LABEL=<label> or UUID=<uuid> tags rather than /dev/disk/by-{label,uuid} udev symlinks in the /etc/fstabfile. The tags are more readable, robust and portable. The mount(8) command internally uses udev symlinks, so use the symlinks in /etc/fstab is not advantageover LABEL=/UUID=. For more details see libblkid(3).
The proc filesystem is not associated with a special device, and when mounting it, an arbitrary keyword, such as proc can be used instead of adevice specification. (The customary choice none is less fortunate: the error message ’none busy’ from umount can be confusing.)The /etc/fstab, /etc/mtab and /proc/mounts files.The file /etc/fstab (see fstab(5)), may contain lines describing what devices are usually mounted where, using which options.
The command
mount -a [-ttype] [-Ooptlist](usually given in a bootscript) causes all filesystems mentioned in fstab (of the proper type and/or having or not having the proper options) to bemounted as indicated, except for those whose line contains the noauto keyword. Adding the -F option will make mount fork, so that the filesystemsare mounted simultaneously.
When mounting a filesystem mentioned in fstab or mtab, it suffices to give only the device, or only the mount point.
The programs mount and umount maintain a list of currently mounted filesystems in the file /etc/mtab. If no arguments are given tomount, this list is printed.
The mount program does not read the /etc/fstab file if device (or LABEL/UUID) and dir are specified. For example:
mount /dev/foo /dirIf you want to override mount options from /etc/fstab you have to use:
mount device|dir -o <options>and then the mount options from command line will be appended to the list of options from /etc/fstab. The usual behaviour is that the last optionwins if there is more duplicated options.
When the proc filesystem is mounted (say at /proc), the files /etc/mtab and /proc/mounts have very similar contents. The formerhas somewhat more information, such as the mount options used, but is not necessarily up-to-date (cf. the -n option below). It is possible to replace/etc/mtab by a symbolic link to /proc/mounts, and especially when you have very large numbers of mounts things will be much faster with thatsymlink, but some information is lost that way, and in particular using the ’ user’="" option="" will="">
The non-superuser mounts.Normally, only the superuser can mount filesystems. However, when fstab contains the user option on a line, anybody can mount thecorresponding system.
Thus, given a line
/dev/cdrom /cd iso9660 ro,user,noauto,unhideany user can mount the iso9660 filesystem found on his CDROM using the command
mount /dev/cdromor
mount /cdFor more details, see fstab(5). Only the user that mounted a filesystem can unmount it again. If any user should be able to unmount, then useusers instead of user in the fstab line. The owner option is similar to the user option, with the restriction that the usermust be the owner of the special file. This may be useful e.g. for /dev/fd if a login script makes the console user owner of this device. Thegroup option is similar, with the restriction that the user must be member of the group of the special file.The bind mounts.Since Linux 2.4.0 it is possible to remount part of the file hierarchy somewhere else. The call is
mount --bindolddir newdiror shortoption
mount -Bolddir newdiror fstab entry is:
/olddir /newdirnone bindAfter this call the same contents is accessible in two places. One can also remount a single file (on a single file).
This call attaches only (part of) a single filesystem, not possible submounts. The entire file hierarchy including submounts is attached a second placeusing
mount --rbindolddir newdiror shortoption
mount -Rolddir newdirNote that the filesystem mount options will remain the same as those on the original mount point, and cannot be changed by passing the -o option along with--bind/--rbind. The mount options can be changed by a separate remount command, for example:
mount --bindolddir newdirmount -o remount,ronewdirThe move operation.Since Linux 2.5.1 it is possible to atomically move a mounted tree to another place. The call is
mount --moveolddir newdiror shortoption
mount -Molddir newdirThis will cause the contents which previously appeared under olddir to be accessed under newdir. The physical location of the files is not changed.The shared subtrees operations.Since Linux 2.6.15 it is possible to mark a mount and its submounts as shared, private, slave or unbindable. A shared mount provides ability to createmirrors of that mount such that mounts and umounts within any of the mirrors propagate to the other mirror. A slave mount receives propagation from its master,but any not vice-versa. A private mount carries no propagation abilities. A unbindable mount is a private mount which cannot cloned through a bind operation.Detailed semantics is documented in Documentation/sharedsubtree.txt file in the kernel source tree.The following commands allows one to recursively change the type of all the mounts under a given mountpoint.Command Line Options
The full set of mount options used by an invocation of mount is determined by first extracting the mount options for the filesystem from thefstab table, then applying any options specified by the -o argument, and finally applying a -r or -w option, when present.
Command line options available for the mount command:-V, --versionOutput version.-h, --helpPrint a help message.-v, --verboseVerbose mode.-a, --allMount all filesystems (of the given types) mentioned in fstab.-F, --fork(Used in conjunction with -a.) Fork off a new incarnation of mount for each device. This will do the mounts on different devices or different NFSservers in parallel. This has the advantage that it is faster; also NFS timeouts go in parallel. A disadvantage is that the mounts are done in undefined order.Thus, you cannot use this option if you want to mount both /usr and /usr/spool.-f, --fakeCauses everything to be done except for the actual system call; if it’ s="" not="" obvious,="" this="" ’fakes’="" mounting="" the="" filesystem.="" this="" option="" is="" useful="" inconjunction="" with="" the="">-v flag to determine what the mount command is trying to do. It can also be used to add entries for devices that weremounted earlier with the -n option. The -f option checks for existing record in /etc/mtab and fails when the record already exists (with regular non-fakemount, this check is done by kernel).-i, --internal-onlyDon’t call the /sbin/mount.<filesystem> helper even if it exists.-l
Add the labels in the mount output. Mount must have permission to read the disk device (e.g. be suid root) for this to work. One can set such a label forext2, ext3 or ext4 using the e2label(8) utility, or for XFS using xfs_admin(8), or for reiserfs using reiserfstune(8).-n, --no-mtabMount without writing in /etc/mtab. This is necessary for example when /etc is on a read-only filesystem.--no-canonicalizeDon’t canonicalize paths. The mount command canonicalizes all paths (from command line or fstab) and stores canonicalized paths to the /etc/mtabfile. This option can be used together with the -f flag for already canonicalized absolut paths.-p, --pass-fdnumIn case of a loop mount with encryption, read the passphrase from file descriptor num instead of from the terminal.-s
Tolerate sloppy mount options rather than failing. This will ignore mount options not supported by a filesystem type. Not all filesystems support thisoption. This option exists for support of the Linux autofs-based automounter.-r, --read-onlyMount the filesystem read-only. A synonym is -o ro.
Note that, depending on the filesystem type, state and kernel behavior, the system may still write to the device. For example, Ext3 or ext4 will replay itsjournal if the filesystem is dirty. To prevent this kind of write access, you may want to mount ext3 or ext4 filesystem with ’ro,noload’ mount options or setthe block device to read-only mode, see command blockdev(8).-w, --rwMount the filesystem read/write. This is the default. A synonym is -o rw.-LlabelMount the partition that has the specified label.-UuuidMount the partition that has the specified uuid. These two options require the file /proc/partitions (present since Linux 2.1.116) toexist.-t, --typesvfstypeThe argument following the -t is used to indicate the filesystem type. The filesystem types which are currently supported include: adfs,affs, autofs, cifs, coda, coherent, cramfs, debugfs, devpts, efs, ext, ext2,ext3, ext4, hfs, hfsplus, hpfs, iso9660, jfs, minix, msdos, ncpfs, nfs,nfs4, ntfs, proc, qnx4, ramfs, reiserfs, romfs, squashfs, smbfs, sysv, tmpfs,ubifs, udf, ufs, umsdos, usbfs, vfat, xenix, xfs, xiafs. Note that coherent, sysv and xenix areequivalent and that xenix and coherent will be removed at some point in the future - use sysv instead. Since kernel version 2.1.21 thetypes ext and xiafs do not exist anymore. Earlier, usbfs was known as usbdevfs. Note, the real list of all supported filesystemsdepends on your kernel.
The programs mount and umount support filesystem subtypes. The subtype is defined by ’.subtype’ suffix. For example ’fuse.sshfs’. It’srecommended to use subtype notation rather than add any prefix to the mount source (for example ’sshfs#example.com’ is depreacated).
For most types all the mount program has to do is issue a simple mount(2) system call, and no detailed knowledge of the filesystem type isrequired. For a few types however (like nfs, nfs4, cifs, smbfs, ncpfs) ad hoc code is necessary. The nfs, nfs4, cifs, smbfs, and ncpfs filesystems have aseparate mount program. In order to make it possible to treat all types in a uniform way, mount will execute the program /sbin/mount.TYPE (ifthat exists) when called with type TYPE. Since various versions of the smbmount program have different calling conventions,/sbin/mount.smbfs may have to be a shell script that sets up the desired call.
If no -t option is given, or if the auto type is specified, mount will try to guess the desired type. Mount uses the blkid or volume_idlibrary for guessing the filesystem type; if that does not turn up anything that looks familiar, mount will try to read the file /etc/filesystems, or,if that does not exist, /proc/filesystems. All of the filesystem types listed there will be tried, except for those that are labeled ’nodev’ (e.g.,devpts, proc and nfs). If /etc/filesystems ends in a line with a single * only, mount will read /proc/filesystemsafterwards.
The auto type may be useful for user-mounted floppies. Creating a file /etc/filesystems can be useful to change the probe order (e.g., to tryvfat before msdos or ext3 before ext2) or if you use a kernel module autoloader. Warning: the probing uses a heuristic (the presence of appropriate ’magic’),and could recognize the wrong filesystem type, possibly with catastrophic consequences. If your data is valuable, don’t ask mount to guess.
More than one type may be specified in a comma separated list. The list of filesystem types can be prefixed with no to specify the filesystem typeson which no action should be taken. (This can be meaningful with the -a option.) For example, the command:
mount -a -t nomsdos,extmounts all filesystems except those of type msdos and ext.-O, --test-optsoptsUsed in conjunction with -a, to limit the set of filesystems to which the -a is applied. Like -t in this regard except that it isuseless except in the context of -a. For example, the command:
mount -a -O no_netdevmounts all filesystems except those which have the option _netdev specified in the options field in the /etc/fstab file.
It is different from -t in that each option is matched exactly; a leading no at the beginning of one option does not negate the rest.
The -t and -O options are cumulative in effect; that is, the command
mount -a -t ext2 -O _netdevmounts all ext2 filesystems with the _netdev option, not all filesystems that are either ext2 or have the _netdev option specified.-o, --optionsoptsOptions are specified with a -o flag followed by a comma separated string of options. For example:
mount LABEL=mydisk -o noatime,nouserFor more details, see FILESYSTEM INDEPENDENT MOUNT OPTIONS and FILESYSTEM SPECIFIC MOUNT OPTIONS sections.-B, --bindRemount a subtree somewhere else (so that its contents are available in both places). See above.-R, --rbindRemount a subtree and all possible submounts somewhere else (so that its contents are available in both places). See above.-M, --moveMove a subtree to some other place. See above.Filesystem Independent Mount Options
Some of these options are only useful when they appear in the /etc/fstab file.
Some of these options could be enabled or disabled by default in the system kernel. To check the current setting see the options in /proc/mounts.
The following options apply to any filesystem that is being mounted (but not every filesystem actually honors them - e.g., the sync option today haseffect only for ext2, ext3, fat, vfat and ufs):async
All I/O to the filesystem should be done asynchronously. (See also the sync option.)
atime
Do not use noatime feature, then the inode access time is controlled by kernel defaults. See also the description for strictatime and relatimemount options.noatimeDo not update inode access times on this filesystem (e.g, for faster access on the news spool to speed up news servers).auto
Can be mounted with the -a option.
noauto
Can only be mounted explicitly (i.e., the -a option will not cause the filesystem to be mounted).context=context, fscontext=context, defcontext=context and rootcontext=contextThe context= option is useful when mounting filesystems that do not support extended attributes, such as a floppy or hard disk formatted with VFAT,or systems that are not normally running under SELinux, such as an ext3 formatted disk from a non-SELinux workstation. You can also use context= onfilesystems you do not trust, such as a floppy. It also helps in compatibility with xattr-supporting filesystems on earlier 2.4.<x> kernel versions. Evenwhere xattrs are supported, you can save time not having to label every file by assigning the entire disk one security context.
A commonly used option for removable media is context=system_u:object_r:removable_t.
Two other options are fscontext= and defcontext=, both of which are mutually exclusive of the context option. This means you can use fscontextand defcontext with each other, but neither can be used with context.
The fscontext= option works for all filesystems, regardless of their xattr support. The fscontext option sets the overarching filesystem label to aspecific security context. This filesystem label is separate from the individual labels on the files. It represents the entire filesystem for certain kinds ofpermission checks, such as during mount or file creation. Individual file labels are still obtained from the xattrs on the files themselves. The context optionactually sets the aggregate context that fscontext provides, in addition to supplying the same label for individual files.
You can set the default security context for unlabeled files using defcontext= option. This overrides the value set for unlabeled files in the policyand requires a filesystem that supports xattr labeling.
The rootcontext= option allows you to explicitly label the root inode of a FS being mounted before that FS or inode because visable to userspace.This was found to be useful for things like stateless linux.
For more details, see selinux(8)defaultsUse default options: rw, suid, dev, exec, auto, nouser, async, and relatime.dev
Interpret character or block special devices on the filesystem.
nodev
Do not interpret character or block special devices on the file system.diratimeUpdate directory inode access times on this filesystem. This is the default.nodiratimeDo not update directory inode access times on this filesystem.dirsyncAll directory updates within the filesystem should be done synchronously. This affects the following system calls: creat, link, unlink, symlink, mkdir,rmdir, mknod and rename.exec
Permit execution of binaries.
noexec
Do not allow direct execution of any binaries on the mounted filesystem. (Until recently it was possible to run binaries anyway using a command like/lib/ld*.so /mnt/binary. This trick fails since Linux 2.4.25 / 2.6.0.)
group
Allow an ordinary (i.e., non-root) user to mount the filesystem if one of his groups matches the group of the device. This option implies the optionsnosuid and nodev (unless overridden by subsequent options, as in t
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*Mount & Blade: Warband - Viking Conquest Reforged Edition Ps4
*Mountfield
*Mount Saint Mary College
*Mount & Blade: Warband - Viking Conquest Reforged Edition Console Commands
*Mount & Blade: Warband - Viking Conquest Reforged Edition Mods
Viking Conquest Reforged Edition is a completely free update to all owners of Viking Conquest, which adds a host of new features & content as well as re-balancing and fixing previous issues with the DLC. Mount Snow is a mountain resort and ski area in southern Vermont located in the Green Mountains. It is Vermont’s closest big mountain to many Northeast met. Special Events are being planned for Independence Day at Mount Rushmore National Memorial in 2021. Senior Pass Information Fees for Senior Passes changed on August 28, 2017. Mount definition: 1. To gradually increase, rise, or get bigger: 2. To get on a horse, bicycle, etc.Name
mount - mount a filesystemSynopsis
mount [-lhV]
mount -a [-fFnrsvw] [-tvfstype] [-Ooptlist]
mount [-fnrsvw] [-ooption[,option]..] device|dir
mount [-fnrsvw] [-tvfstype] [-ooptions] device dirDescription
All files accessible in a Unix system are arranged in one big tree, the file hierarchy, rooted at /. These files can be spread out over severaldevices. The mount command serves to attach the filesystem found on some device to the big file tree. Conversely, the umount(8) command willdetach it again.
The standard form of the mount command, ismount -ttype device dirThis tells the kernel to attach the filesystem found on device (which is of type type) at the directory dir. The previous contents (ifany) and owner and mode of dir become invisible, and as long as this filesystem remains mounted, the pathname dir refers to the root of thefilesystem on device.
The listing and help.Three forms of invocation do not actually mount anything:mount -h
prints a help messagemount -V
prints a version stringmount [-l] [-ttype]
lists all mounted filesystems (of type type). The option -l adds the labels in this listing. See below.The device indication.Most devices are indicated by a file name (of a block special device), like /dev/sda1, but there are other possibilities. For example, in the case ofan NFS mount, device may look like knuth.cwi.nl:/dir. It is possible to indicate a block special device using its volume LABEL orUUID (see the -L and -U options below).
The recommended setup is to use LABEL=<label> or UUID=<uuid> tags rather than /dev/disk/by-{label,uuid} udev symlinks in the /etc/fstabfile. The tags are more readable, robust and portable. The mount(8) command internally uses udev symlinks, so use the symlinks in /etc/fstab is not advantageover LABEL=/UUID=. For more details see libblkid(3).
The proc filesystem is not associated with a special device, and when mounting it, an arbitrary keyword, such as proc can be used instead of adevice specification. (The customary choice none is less fortunate: the error message ’none busy’ from umount can be confusing.)The /etc/fstab, /etc/mtab and /proc/mounts files.The file /etc/fstab (see fstab(5)), may contain lines describing what devices are usually mounted where, using which options.
The command
mount -a [-ttype] [-Ooptlist](usually given in a bootscript) causes all filesystems mentioned in fstab (of the proper type and/or having or not having the proper options) to bemounted as indicated, except for those whose line contains the noauto keyword. Adding the -F option will make mount fork, so that the filesystemsare mounted simultaneously.
When mounting a filesystem mentioned in fstab or mtab, it suffices to give only the device, or only the mount point.
The programs mount and umount maintain a list of currently mounted filesystems in the file /etc/mtab. If no arguments are given tomount, this list is printed.
The mount program does not read the /etc/fstab file if device (or LABEL/UUID) and dir are specified. For example:
mount /dev/foo /dirIf you want to override mount options from /etc/fstab you have to use:
mount device|dir -o <options>and then the mount options from command line will be appended to the list of options from /etc/fstab. The usual behaviour is that the last optionwins if there is more duplicated options.
When the proc filesystem is mounted (say at /proc), the files /etc/mtab and /proc/mounts have very similar contents. The formerhas somewhat more information, such as the mount options used, but is not necessarily up-to-date (cf. the -n option below). It is possible to replace/etc/mtab by a symbolic link to /proc/mounts, and especially when you have very large numbers of mounts things will be much faster with thatsymlink, but some information is lost that way, and in particular using the ’ user’="" option="" will="">
The non-superuser mounts.Normally, only the superuser can mount filesystems. However, when fstab contains the user option on a line, anybody can mount thecorresponding system.
Thus, given a line
/dev/cdrom /cd iso9660 ro,user,noauto,unhideany user can mount the iso9660 filesystem found on his CDROM using the command
mount /dev/cdromor
mount /cdFor more details, see fstab(5). Only the user that mounted a filesystem can unmount it again. If any user should be able to unmount, then useusers instead of user in the fstab line. The owner option is similar to the user option, with the restriction that the usermust be the owner of the special file. This may be useful e.g. for /dev/fd if a login script makes the console user owner of this device. Thegroup option is similar, with the restriction that the user must be member of the group of the special file.The bind mounts.Since Linux 2.4.0 it is possible to remount part of the file hierarchy somewhere else. The call is
mount --bindolddir newdiror shortoption
mount -Bolddir newdiror fstab entry is:
/olddir /newdirnone bindAfter this call the same contents is accessible in two places. One can also remount a single file (on a single file).
This call attaches only (part of) a single filesystem, not possible submounts. The entire file hierarchy including submounts is attached a second placeusing
mount --rbindolddir newdiror shortoption
mount -Rolddir newdirNote that the filesystem mount options will remain the same as those on the original mount point, and cannot be changed by passing the -o option along with--bind/--rbind. The mount options can be changed by a separate remount command, for example:
mount --bindolddir newdirmount -o remount,ronewdirThe move operation.Since Linux 2.5.1 it is possible to atomically move a mounted tree to another place. The call is
mount --moveolddir newdiror shortoption
mount -Molddir newdirThis will cause the contents which previously appeared under olddir to be accessed under newdir. The physical location of the files is not changed.The shared subtrees operations.Since Linux 2.6.15 it is possible to mark a mount and its submounts as shared, private, slave or unbindable. A shared mount provides ability to createmirrors of that mount such that mounts and umounts within any of the mirrors propagate to the other mirror. A slave mount receives propagation from its master,but any not vice-versa. A private mount carries no propagation abilities. A unbindable mount is a private mount which cannot cloned through a bind operation.Detailed semantics is documented in Documentation/sharedsubtree.txt file in the kernel source tree.The following commands allows one to recursively change the type of all the mounts under a given mountpoint.Command Line Options
The full set of mount options used by an invocation of mount is determined by first extracting the mount options for the filesystem from thefstab table, then applying any options specified by the -o argument, and finally applying a -r or -w option, when present.
Command line options available for the mount command:-V, --versionOutput version.-h, --helpPrint a help message.-v, --verboseVerbose mode.-a, --allMount all filesystems (of the given types) mentioned in fstab.-F, --fork(Used in conjunction with -a.) Fork off a new incarnation of mount for each device. This will do the mounts on different devices or different NFSservers in parallel. This has the advantage that it is faster; also NFS timeouts go in parallel. A disadvantage is that the mounts are done in undefined order.Thus, you cannot use this option if you want to mount both /usr and /usr/spool.-f, --fakeCauses everything to be done except for the actual system call; if it’ s="" not="" obvious,="" this="" ’fakes’="" mounting="" the="" filesystem.="" this="" option="" is="" useful="" inconjunction="" with="" the="">-v flag to determine what the mount command is trying to do. It can also be used to add entries for devices that weremounted earlier with the -n option. The -f option checks for existing record in /etc/mtab and fails when the record already exists (with regular non-fakemount, this check is done by kernel).-i, --internal-onlyDon’t call the /sbin/mount.<filesystem> helper even if it exists.-l
Add the labels in the mount output. Mount must have permission to read the disk device (e.g. be suid root) for this to work. One can set such a label forext2, ext3 or ext4 using the e2label(8) utility, or for XFS using xfs_admin(8), or for reiserfs using reiserfstune(8).-n, --no-mtabMount without writing in /etc/mtab. This is necessary for example when /etc is on a read-only filesystem.--no-canonicalizeDon’t canonicalize paths. The mount command canonicalizes all paths (from command line or fstab) and stores canonicalized paths to the /etc/mtabfile. This option can be used together with the -f flag for already canonicalized absolut paths.-p, --pass-fdnumIn case of a loop mount with encryption, read the passphrase from file descriptor num instead of from the terminal.-s
Tolerate sloppy mount options rather than failing. This will ignore mount options not supported by a filesystem type. Not all filesystems support thisoption. This option exists for support of the Linux autofs-based automounter.-r, --read-onlyMount the filesystem read-only. A synonym is -o ro.
Note that, depending on the filesystem type, state and kernel behavior, the system may still write to the device. For example, Ext3 or ext4 will replay itsjournal if the filesystem is dirty. To prevent this kind of write access, you may want to mount ext3 or ext4 filesystem with ’ro,noload’ mount options or setthe block device to read-only mode, see command blockdev(8).-w, --rwMount the filesystem read/write. This is the default. A synonym is -o rw.-LlabelMount the partition that has the specified label.-UuuidMount the partition that has the specified uuid. These two options require the file /proc/partitions (present since Linux 2.1.116) toexist.-t, --typesvfstypeThe argument following the -t is used to indicate the filesystem type. The filesystem types which are currently supported include: adfs,affs, autofs, cifs, coda, coherent, cramfs, debugfs, devpts, efs, ext, ext2,ext3, ext4, hfs, hfsplus, hpfs, iso9660, jfs, minix, msdos, ncpfs, nfs,nfs4, ntfs, proc, qnx4, ramfs, reiserfs, romfs, squashfs, smbfs, sysv, tmpfs,ubifs, udf, ufs, umsdos, usbfs, vfat, xenix, xfs, xiafs. Note that coherent, sysv and xenix areequivalent and that xenix and coherent will be removed at some point in the future - use sysv instead. Since kernel version 2.1.21 thetypes ext and xiafs do not exist anymore. Earlier, usbfs was known as usbdevfs. Note, the real list of all supported filesystemsdepends on your kernel.
The programs mount and umount support filesystem subtypes. The subtype is defined by ’.subtype’ suffix. For example ’fuse.sshfs’. It’srecommended to use subtype notation rather than add any prefix to the mount source (for example ’sshfs#example.com’ is depreacated).
For most types all the mount program has to do is issue a simple mount(2) system call, and no detailed knowledge of the filesystem type isrequired. For a few types however (like nfs, nfs4, cifs, smbfs, ncpfs) ad hoc code is necessary. The nfs, nfs4, cifs, smbfs, and ncpfs filesystems have aseparate mount program. In order to make it possible to treat all types in a uniform way, mount will execute the program /sbin/mount.TYPE (ifthat exists) when called with type TYPE. Since various versions of the smbmount program have different calling conventions,/sbin/mount.smbfs may have to be a shell script that sets up the desired call.
If no -t option is given, or if the auto type is specified, mount will try to guess the desired type. Mount uses the blkid or volume_idlibrary for guessing the filesystem type; if that does not turn up anything that looks familiar, mount will try to read the file /etc/filesystems, or,if that does not exist, /proc/filesystems. All of the filesystem types listed there will be tried, except for those that are labeled ’nodev’ (e.g.,devpts, proc and nfs). If /etc/filesystems ends in a line with a single * only, mount will read /proc/filesystemsafterwards.
The auto type may be useful for user-mounted floppies. Creating a file /etc/filesystems can be useful to change the probe order (e.g., to tryvfat before msdos or ext3 before ext2) or if you use a kernel module autoloader. Warning: the probing uses a heuristic (the presence of appropriate ’magic’),and could recognize the wrong filesystem type, possibly with catastrophic consequences. If your data is valuable, don’t ask mount to guess.
More than one type may be specified in a comma separated list. The list of filesystem types can be prefixed with no to specify the filesystem typeson which no action should be taken. (This can be meaningful with the -a option.) For example, the command:
mount -a -t nomsdos,extmounts all filesystems except those of type msdos and ext.-O, --test-optsoptsUsed in conjunction with -a, to limit the set of filesystems to which the -a is applied. Like -t in this regard except that it isuseless except in the context of -a. For example, the command:
mount -a -O no_netdevmounts all filesystems except those which have the option _netdev specified in the options field in the /etc/fstab file.
It is different from -t in that each option is matched exactly; a leading no at the beginning of one option does not negate the rest.
The -t and -O options are cumulative in effect; that is, the command
mount -a -t ext2 -O _netdevmounts all ext2 filesystems with the _netdev option, not all filesystems that are either ext2 or have the _netdev option specified.-o, --optionsoptsOptions are specified with a -o flag followed by a comma separated string of options. For example:
mount LABEL=mydisk -o noatime,nouserFor more details, see FILESYSTEM INDEPENDENT MOUNT OPTIONS and FILESYSTEM SPECIFIC MOUNT OPTIONS sections.-B, --bindRemount a subtree somewhere else (so that its contents are available in both places). See above.-R, --rbindRemount a subtree and all possible submounts somewhere else (so that its contents are available in both places). See above.-M, --moveMove a subtree to some other place. See above.Filesystem Independent Mount Options
Some of these options are only useful when they appear in the /etc/fstab file.
Some of these options could be enabled or disabled by default in the system kernel. To check the current setting see the options in /proc/mounts.
The following options apply to any filesystem that is being mounted (but not every filesystem actually honors them - e.g., the sync option today haseffect only for ext2, ext3, fat, vfat and ufs):async
All I/O to the filesystem should be done asynchronously. (See also the sync option.)
atime
Do not use noatime feature, then the inode access time is controlled by kernel defaults. See also the description for strictatime and relatimemount options.noatimeDo not update inode access times on this filesystem (e.g, for faster access on the news spool to speed up news servers).auto
Can be mounted with the -a option.
noauto
Can only be mounted explicitly (i.e., the -a option will not cause the filesystem to be mounted).context=context, fscontext=context, defcontext=context and rootcontext=contextThe context= option is useful when mounting filesystems that do not support extended attributes, such as a floppy or hard disk formatted with VFAT,or systems that are not normally running under SELinux, such as an ext3 formatted disk from a non-SELinux workstation. You can also use context= onfilesystems you do not trust, such as a floppy. It also helps in compatibility with xattr-supporting filesystems on earlier 2.4.<x> kernel versions. Evenwhere xattrs are supported, you can save time not having to label every file by assigning the entire disk one security context.
A commonly used option for removable media is context=system_u:object_r:removable_t.
Two other options are fscontext= and defcontext=, both of which are mutually exclusive of the context option. This means you can use fscontextand defcontext with each other, but neither can be used with context.
The fscontext= option works for all filesystems, regardless of their xattr support. The fscontext option sets the overarching filesystem label to aspecific security context. This filesystem label is separate from the individual labels on the files. It represents the entire filesystem for certain kinds ofpermission checks, such as during mount or file creation. Individual file labels are still obtained from the xattrs on the files themselves. The context optionactually sets the aggregate context that fscontext provides, in addition to supplying the same label for individual files.
You can set the default security context for unlabeled files using defcontext= option. This overrides the value set for unlabeled files in the policyand requires a filesystem that supports xattr labeling.
The rootcontext= option allows you to explicitly label the root inode of a FS being mounted before that FS or inode because visable to userspace.This was found to be useful for things like stateless linux.
For more details, see selinux(8)defaultsUse default options: rw, suid, dev, exec, auto, nouser, async, and relatime.dev
Interpret character or block special devices on the filesystem.
nodev
Do not interpret character or block special devices on the file system.diratimeUpdate directory inode access times on this filesystem. This is the default.nodiratimeDo not update directory inode access times on this filesystem.dirsyncAll directory updates within the filesystem should be done synchronously. This affects the following system calls: creat, link, unlink, symlink, mkdir,rmdir, mknod and rename.exec
Permit execution of binaries.
noexec
Do not allow direct execution of any binaries on the mounted filesystem. (Until recently it was possible to run binaries anyway using a command like/lib/ld*.so /mnt/binary. This trick fails since Linux 2.4.25 / 2.6.0.)
group
Allow an ordinary (i.e., non-root) user to mount the filesystem if one of his groups matches the group of the device. This option implies the optionsnosuid and nodev (unless overridden by subsequent options, as in t
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